Lundy Marine nature reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lundy Marine nature reserve - Essay Example In 1969 the divers discovered the existence of warm water marine species and the idea of a marine nature reserve came into being and was discussed. After this discussion, a stimulated interest in protecting the area grew and in 1971 Lundy Field Society proposed to establish a marine reserve. According to lundy.org.uk (1999) provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. After public consultation, on 21st November 1986 the Secretary of State for Environment declared a statutory reserve at Lundy.The Management of Marine Nature Reserve was given to English Nature by â€Å"the statutory advisor to Government on nature conservation in England† (lundy.org.uk, 1999) i.e. the English Nature is responsible to look after the Marine Nature Reserve. Landmark Trust employed a Warden for funding who lease the island in association with the Devon Sea Fisheries Committee that regulates and manage fisheries in the area . Devon Sea Fisheries Committee and English Nature jointly proposed the first statutory No Take Zone which is a 3.3 square kilometre of sea on east side of the Lundy Marine Nature Reserve in the UK. According to this proposal of No Take Zone none of the marine life including lobsters, fish and crabs of the sea should be taken and if any one does he/she is punishable under Marine Life Act. The No Take Zone has received support from every quarter of life i.e. from local fishermen to Lundy management, Advisory Groups and Devon Sea Fisheries.

Research proposal letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research proposal letter - Assignment Example This is what will be experienced by people once the marijuana is legalized as there will be continual usage of the drug. Similar to other hard core drugs, continual usage of marijuana will cause damage to the brain leading to problems such as psychosis in addition to diminished brain functions and affecting the memory. If people’s brains are likely to be destroyed, it means that the state will lack productive people in the future and that will be the beginning of the end of this great state. Unborn babies who are the future generation of this great land will also be affected by the marijuana even while in the womb. It is open fact as explained by Kleber and Dupont in their research findings that medical marijuana is of great help to people with glaucoma, epileptic seizures, decreases anxiety, prevents the spread of cancer and is even a powerful painkiller among other health benefits. This therefore means that it cannot be prevented from being used for medical purposes. The solution to such an issue is to therefore only legalize medical marijuana. There should be law indicating that people to produce medical document signed by the physician about the need to use the medical marijuana in the specific shops selling the drug. The sellers should have official permits from the county offices to legalize their sale and regular checks will be made in their shops to ensure they are not breaching their contracts. This legalization will cost less than when the regular marijuana is legalized. The cost of medical expenses will also reduce to the sick people are they will reduce their frequent hospital visi t and purchase of expensive drugs. This is not expected to be an easy thing as people will still find ways to forge documents so they can purchase the marijuana even though they lack pre-existing medical condition to demand the use of the drug. There are also activists who are bound to reject even the legalization

Comparison of Wren Micro-turbojet Engine and Wren turbo-drop

Comparison of Wren Micro-turbojet Engine and Wren turbo-drop Introduction In the following report, one will be analysing and comparing the wren micro-turbojet engine and the Wren turbo-prop, the engine will be tested in the Aviation laboratory in the houldsworth aviation laboratory, here the tests will be carried out, but before the test s are carried out on each of the propeller that needs to be used for the turbo prop must be chosen. The propeller will be chosen in its efficiency in a certain variable which will be chosen later in the report, there is a choice of a few different propellers, tests shall be ran on each different propeller with the results been recorded by the FADEC. Once the propeller has been chosen tests shall e ran on both engines, the results will be analysed with numerous variables, Health and safety During the course of the lab work, health and safety will play a big part in keeping people safe, Engines pose many possible hazards which are listed below: Noise: The engines that will be used will produce a loud noise that is capable of damaging hearing permanently; therefore the test will be run with the testers wearing ear protection to prevent permanent ear damage. Fuel: fuel poses numerous threats in the lab; the highly volatile liquid can produce vapour that can cause an explosion so therefore all fuel must be kept in a sealed container that must be kept sealed and stored in a cool, dry place away from irresponsible personnel. Fuel is also irritable when in contact with skin so therefore gloves must be worn when in contact with the substance. The engines: the engines themselves pose a huge health and safety risk, the engines contain many objects in motion which can cause a hazard if any of the objects become loose, which could result in a projectile being thrown across the room, to eliminate this risk, the tests will be carried out in a separate room from the testers. The engines also produce fumes which are harmful to humans so an extraction pipe is now attached to the exhausts to remove most of the fumes but testers must be wary that the extraction system may not be 100% efficient so contact time after the runs must be kept minimal. As engines must be run correctly to be run safely, inexperienced testers must always be supervised by personnel with sufficient experience with the engines. The fumes that are produced by each engine must be sufficiently vented away from the area as they are a hazard to health. Extraction system failure At the beginning of February 2010 the group was told that the lab where the engine runs were to be carried out had been ruled unsafe due to the failure of the ventilation system had failed. It was possible that the test could not have been carried out, which the whole group was disheartened by, but the group pulled together and all tried to find a solution for the problem, many avenues were explored, even the possible opportunity of the back of a restaurant. Gareth Atkinson contacted multi flight about the possibility of running the engines at their base as it is located at Leeds-Bradford airport, Multi flight obliged so therefore Gareth Atkinson filled out the risk assessment form shown in appendix A. By the time Multi flight replied back with their permission the group decided that that time was against us for running the engine tests at Multi flight, results from previous engine runs were used instead. The Jet Engine The Engine has proved to be an innovative piece of machinery and has allowed the aviation industry to be what it is today, nearly all of the innovative aircraft of today and conceptual aircraft of tomorrow are all powered by the same type of engine the jet engine. The first form of jet propulsion device was first patented by a French engineer Renà © Lori in 1913 but the design remained conceptual as the design needed heat resisting materials that were not available at the time plus the reason that the jet engine was not suitable to fly at the low airspeeds as they did at the time (1996a) The design of which is shown in figure 1. Not until 1930 did frank whittle receive a patent for a jet engine, Frank whittle went on to build the first jet engine which had its maiden flight 11 years after its patent was received. From this basic foundation more advanced jet engines were produced. Since this first prototype the jet engine has developed from this early prototype to power aircraft that travel faster than sound. The jet engine works by compressing air adding fuel and combusting the mixture using the pressure increase to accelerate the air rearwards out of a propelling nozzle. The compression is the first stage of a gas turbine engine, there are many different configurations of compression the first form was the centrifugal compressor, which is the same compressor is fitted to the Wren micro-gas turbines that will be tested in this dissertation. Centrifugal compressor The centrifugal compressor essentially does what it says on the tin and compress the air using centrifugal forces, the air is compressed by an impeller which is attached and rotated by a shaft that is connected to the rear turbines, which convert the pressure, velocity and heat energy from the exiting gas in to mechanical energy to rotate the shaft which turns the impeller at high speed. The air introduced continuously throughout the running of the engine through to the eye of the impeller which then enters the rotating guide vanes and due to centrifugal forces causes the air to move towards the tips of the impeller; here the air enters the diffuser which is a system of stationary(Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996) ducts which are designed to convert the kinetic energy of air stream into potential energy, which further increases the pressure of the gas. Below is a diagram showing a cross-section of the impeller and the changes in pressure and velocity throughout the impeller: From figure 2, the graph at the right shows the pressure and velocity changes at each stage of the centrifugal compressor, as the air enters the eye of the impeller. The air is subjected to a centrifuge which increases the pressure and velocity of the airstream, the air then passes through to the diffuser section where the passage of divergent nozzles convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy. The graph shows that half the pressure rise occurs in the impeller and the other half in the diffuser section. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Axial flow compressors Axial flow compressors have a higher compression ratio than centrifugal compressors provided air which is at a higher pressure therefore used over centrifugal compressors as the higher pressure give better performance. Axial flow compressor consists of alternating rotor and stator blades, where each stage, which consists of a row of rotating blades followed by a row of stator blades, increases the pressure by a small amount so therefore several stages are required to give the pressure increase required. Where many stages of compression operate on one shaft it becomes necessary to vary the stator vane angle to enable the compressors to operate effectively at speeds below the design conditions. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). A single spool compressor consists of one rotor assembly and stators with many stages as required achieving the desired pressure ratio, a multi-spool compressor of two or more rotor assemblies, each driven by their own turbine at an optimum speed to achieve higher pressure ratios and to give greater operating flexibility. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Principles of operation During operation the rotor is turned at high speeds by the turbine which makes sure that air is constantly being inducted into the compressor, which then is accelerated by the rotating blades and swept rearwards into the adjacent row of stator vanes. The pressure increase results kinetic energy received by the air by the rotor vane, which is then decelerated (diffused) by the stators vanes turning the kinetic energy into pressure. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Combustion Chamber The combustion chamber has the task of burning large quantities of fuel supplied through the fuel spray nozzles, with large volumes of air supplied by the compressor and releasing heat in a controlled process that the air is expanded and accelerated to give a smooth stream of uniformly heated gas at all conditions required by the turbine. The amount of fuel added will depend on the temperature rise required although the maximum temperature is limited by the materials that make the turbine blades and nozzles. (Rolls-Royce Limited, 1996) The combustion process The air arriving from the compressor is travelling at speeds up to 500 feet per second, which if entered the chamber would put out the flame due to the airs high velocity, so therefore the air must be decelerated. The air is diffused so the velocity is reduced also giving the added benefit of increasing the pressure. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). IIn normal operation the overall air/fuel ration can vary between 45:1 and 130:1, however kerosine will only burn efficiently at, or close to, a ratio of 15:1, so the fuel must be burned with only part of the air entering the chamber, in what is called the primary combustion zone. This is achieved by means of a flame tube that has various devices for metering the airflow distribution along the chamber. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). As shown in Figure 4, 20% of the air mass flow enters at the snout of the chamber, immediately downstream are a perforated flame and swirl vanes, the swirling air induces a flow upstream of the centre of the flame tube and promotes desired re-circulation. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Through the wall of the flame tube body, next to the combustion zone, are a number of secondary holes were a further 20% of the main flow of air passes into the primary zone. The air from the swirl vanes and that from the secondary air holes interacts and creates a region of low velocity recirculation, this take the form of a toroidal vortex, very similar to a smoke ring, this helps stabilise and anchor the flame the flame. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). The temperature of the gases after combustion is around 1800 to 2000 °C, which is far too hot for entry to the nozzle guide vanes of the turbine. As only 40% of the total airflow is used in the combustion process, so the 60% is left to help cool the air, which is introduced progressively into the flame tube. Approximately a third of this is used to lower the gas temperature in the dilution zone before it enters the turbine, whilst the remainder of the air is used for cooling the walls of the flame tube. This is achieved by a film of cooling air flowing along the inside surface of the flame tube, insulating it from the hot combustion gases. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Types of combustion chambers There are three main types of combustion chambers used in gas turbine engines; these are multiple chambers, turbo-annular chambers and annular chamber. Multiple combustion chambers This type of Combustion chamber is used on centrifugal compressor engines and primitive axial flow engines. The chambers are disposed around the engine and compressor delivery air is directed by duct to pass into the individual chambers. Each chamber has an internal flame tube around which there is an air casing, the air passes through the flame tube snout and also between the tube and the outer casing as earlier described. All the flame tubes are all interconnected which allows them to operate at the same pressure and also allows combustion to propagate around the flame tubes during engine starting. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Tubo-annular combustion chamber The tubo-annular combustion chamber bridges the evolutionary gap between the multiple and annular types. A number of flame tubes inside a common air casing. (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Annular combustion chamber This type of combustion chamber consists of a single flame tube in a completely annular form, which is contained in an inner and outer casing. The main advantage of the annular system is that for the same power output, the length of the chamber is 25% shorter than the tubo-annular system for the same diameter, saving weigh and production costs. . (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Combustion chamber performance A combustion chamber must be capable of allowing fuel to burn efficiently over a wide range of operating conditions without incurring large pressure losses. Also if flame extinction occurs, then it must be possible to relight. . (Rolls-Royce Limited., 1996). Turbines The turbine has the job of providing the power to drive the compressor and accessories and sin some engines shaft power for the propeller or rotor. This is done by extracting energy from the hot gases from the combustion system and expanding them to a lower pressure and temperature. The turbines are subjected to high stresses with the turbine tips speeds reaching over 1,500 feet per second with gas temperatures. Types of turbines Gas turbine manufacturers have concentrated on the axial flow turbine, although some manufacturers are building engines with a radial-inflow turbine. The radial-inflow turbine has the advantages of being rugged, simples and relatively inexpensive and easy to manufacture compared to the axial flow turbine. On this type of turbine, inlet gas flows through the peripheral nozzles to enter the wheel passages in an inward radial direction. The speeding gas exerts a force on the wheel blades and exhausts the air in a radial direction to the atmosphere. These turbine wheels, used for small engines, are well suited for a lower range of specific speeds and work at relatively high effieciency. Micro turbines in industry In this section I will discuss and analyse the role of micro turbines in industry within aviation and out of aviation. Micro turbines can be used to produce electricity as well as power some ships. WREN ENGINES In this section I will be analysing the company of WREN, I will include what they do, their history and the current situation. I will note that the workers are enthusiast and work at a minimal wage to keep the company in business. WREN turbo prop In this section I will analyse the turboprop that will be tested in more detail. I will go through each component in a fair amount of detail, I will go through the manufacture process in some detail, and analyse the materials that are used. Wren turbo jet Here I will do in the same format as the turboprop but with a diary of our engine build: here is some rough notes I have made of the engine build# 26/10/09 Did our Risk assessment with Chris brier, told info on all aspect. Got on to the engine build, went smoothly until step 11 when inserting the shaft into the middle we dislocated bearings due failing to follow a step properly. We immediately called Chris brier to help us with our issue; he showed us how to replace the ball bearings into place. We then progressed onto the next step, at this point we saw etchings on the shaft and the rear turbine which we asked why they we like so We learnt that they were there for mass balancing, as an imbalance in weight would cause the shaft to distort. Balancing is done on each individual shaft by the manufacturer by a machine. Another aspect of the is the inefficiency of the compressor Compared to lager jet engines the gap between the edge of the compressor blades and outer skin is comparatively large therefore not all of the compressed air is used for the production of thrust, some leaks behind the compressor Step 16- when fitting turbine shrouds the turbine rests on a rim and not on turbines. Step 17- aligning case front, case front has been checked and aligned to the best of our abilities. Step 21- chamber stand-offs successfully crimped Step 22- comb chamber fixed in place, gas and oil tube is place and 3 stand-offs screwed in We found that the gas tube didnt fit because of misaligned lubrication pipe. So backtrack in progress was required to re-configure this step. In the process of correcting the combust chamber bearings in the same place fell apart, so were back to the same stage again Analysis This section I will analyse the results in detail evaluation Evaluate the whole process conclusion AppendiCise Apendix A Multi-flight risk assessment form Rolls Royce PLC. (1996a). The Jet Engine (5th Edition ed.). Birmingham: Renault Printing Co Ltd.

The Fast Food Health Scam Essay -- Health, Nutrition

For decades the fast-food industry has supplied Americans with tasty, comforting food, quickly and for a low cost. It was not until recently, when the health craze first hit America in the late 1980’s that the corporations developed a new approach to marketing health food products to fit their customer’s wants (Nielsen 450). Even the most common fast food chains, such as McDonalds and Subway started advertising â€Å"healthier† food items on their menus to continue appealing to the general public. In order to maintain significant market share of the industry, fast food companies must entice people of all ages and advertise alternative menu options, even if the nutrition content does not support the messaging. While fast food restaurants give the impression of offering healthy food, nutritionist studies show healthy alternatives are not as nutritious as advertised (Chandon 85). The reality is Fast Food companies hoax their costumers into believing the fast-food ad vertised is healthier but do not provide enough nutritional information for them to make educated decisions. The advertising technique of persuasion leads to false impressions of a product, much like the advertisement claims of selling healthy fast food. In â€Å"The Indictments Against Advertising† by Courtland L. Bovee and William F. Arens, both authors of business and contemporary advertising textbooks, briefly discuss advertising’s effect on the consumer. They also showcase business strategies, in this case the fast-food industry, persuading people to â€Å"want what they don’t need† (Bovee 358). With fast food marketing teams promoting healthy alternatives like apples instead of French fries or milk instead of soda, the companies are able to dupe the consumer into believing the... ... example, ordering a double quarter pounder with cheese and apple slices gives a false since of justification because they chose to forgo French fries (Chandon 302). Adding a marginally healthy substitute to an unhealthy entrà ©e should not be construed as a nutritional meal. Consumers also need to be aware of the adverse effects of adding high-fat high-sodium extras to their meals, such as cheese, mayonnaise, dressings, and special sauces. Instead if a person wants nutritional value within a fast-food meal they must diligently consider health content and portion size to avoid overeating and unwanted weight gain. Individuals need to take personal responsibility of their choices and not believe the false impressions of advertisers. Implementing nutritional knowledge not only while dinning in fast-food restaurants but into everyday life will lead to healthy longevity.

Electronic Document Preparation And Management Essay

An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system to function. An Application Software, also known as an application or an app, is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with documents. WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE MOST COMMON APPLICATION SOFTWARE? Operating System The two most commonly used operating systems are Windows XP and Windows Vista. If you consider all versions of Windows to be the same product, then the most know about operating systems are windows and mac OS X but Linux is used more than mac.So the two most used operating systems are windows and mac. Microsoft even said that Linux is more of a threat than mac. Application Software Microsoft Office suite, in particular Word is very widely used. Other common applications on personal computers are Adobe Photoshop, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Sahara. Increasingly, software is being run on remote servers – there are network version of some of Microsoft Office, but services such as Facebook, Twitter and so on are application programs that run, largely, on remote servers. WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN COMMUNICATION DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION MEDIA? Communication Media and Communication Devices deliver messages to a receiver or audience. Communication media can be referred to as â€Å"media† because a common definition for media inherently includes its purpose in communication. Media is â€Å"the means of communication, such as radio and television, newspapers, and magazines, that reach or influence people widely,† according to Dictionary, an online reference site. Communication devices are the tools used by senders and receivers to deliver and receive message. More specifically, â€Å"Communication devices route and transmit information to various devices, including radio and telephone systems,† according to GlobalSpec. Common examples of communication devices noted by GlobalSpec include telephones, cellular phones, wireless and GPS technology systems, radios and transmitters. Specific applications used in conjunction with physical and hardware devices also are noted as â€Å"communication devices.† These tools include various communication software applications, magnetic receivers, transmitters, and switchboards. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2000). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Link: http://en.wikipedia.org. * Bic, Lubomur F.; Shaw, Alan C. (2003). Operating Systems. Pearson: Prentice Hall. Link: http://en.wikipedia.org. Print Screen 1 Fig 1. The first print screen showing that the file was attached in my yahoo e-mail account Print Screen 2 Fig 2. Print screen showing when the document was sent

Not My Business and ‘District 6’ compared Essay

The poem ‘Not My Business’ is written by a Nigerian poet Niyi Osundare. This poem is a dramatic monologue and uses a fictional narrator to reflect upon how the Nigerian society is affected by the political and military misuse of power and authority in addition to the people’s rejection to revolt against injustice. The poet uses the narrator’s ignorant and selfish personality to display the abuse of power not only in Nigeria but also around the globe. The title ‘Not My Business’ is short and simple to communicate the idea that South Africa’s socio-political status has not changed since the end of apartheid. The tone is very direct and shows the narrator to be ignorant and selfish. In addition to this, the structure of the poem emphasises his detachment with the people; the lines in which the narrator talks about himself are kept separate by the poet to stress his feeling of superiority over others. However, the narrator suffers the same fate at the end of the poem. The first stanza consists of Akanni being kidnapped. ‘They picked up Akanni one morning’. The poet uses the kidnapping to emphasise how the government’s attitude towards the public is like. The use of ‘they’ is an obvious indication of the military to the audience but is kept vague to engage the reader’s mind to the poem. Furthermore the poet uses ‘stuffed him down the belly’ to make the reader feel as though the government are like predators waiting to leap at anyone who opposes them. Osundare also uses this stanza to elaborate on the soldiers’ relentlessness towards the people, ‘beat him soft like clay.’ He uses this line to show the cruelty and injustice laid upon the people, because of the abuse of power and violence used to discourage individuals who resist them. The word ‘clay’ helps to describe the methods of torture used to punish attempts at what the government calls transgression. The poet goes on to show the ignorance of some of the people, ‘What business of mine is it so long they don’t take the yam from my savouring mouth.’ The narrator’s selfishness is shown by the mention of ‘yam’ which represents his food, comfortable home and self-occupied lifestyle, despite mentioning what happened to Akanni. Also, the poet uses the narrator’s eccentric personality to reach out to people who share a similar attitude. Additionally, the word ‘savouring’ helps to illustrate the greediness and materialism of the narrator in the reader’s mind. The second stanza begins by showing the mysteriousness of the military, ‘They came one night’. This implies that the army can come at anytime and the people are never safe. The narrator further goes on to show the brutality of the military, ‘booted the whole house awake’, which suggests that the army has injected fear in the minds of people. An abrupt feeling is formed with the use of ‘booted’ creating a sudden sentiment of fear. Furthermore vague terminology is used by the narrator to describe what happened to Danladi. ‘Then off to a lengthy absence.’ This emphasises the narrator’s desire to distance himself from reality. The poet uses the phrase ‘lengthy absence’ to show the narrator’s unwillingness to acknowledge that a threat is eminent from the government. Therefore the narrator regardless, lives with the atrocities that surround his society. In the third stanza Chinwe is fired from her job. ‘Her job was gone.’ The poet once again shows the government can strike at anytime any day. Osundare uses the repetition of ‘no’ to emphasise that Chinwe was sacked without legitimate reason. He does this further with ‘a stainless record’. This shows the influence and injustice of the government in the society as well due to the incident occurring in spite of Chinwe’s innocence. The refrain is used to make the reader feel that the narrator doesn’t have any remorse or guilt for not caring about the other people around him. The last stanza involves the narrator himself being taken away, ‘And then one evening as I sat down to eat my yam a knock on the door froze my hungry hand.’ The narrator’s tone is fearful and surprised. His ‘hungry hand’ shows his selfishness and greed. The poet uses alliteration to put emphasis on this. Furthermore, the repetition of ‘waiting’ creates tension in the reader’s mind and stresses the helplessness of the narrator when his own words come back to haunt him. It also coincides with the second stanza where the jeep is also ‘waiting’ for danladi. Lastly, the structure of the stanza shows the irony of the narrator’s situation, that he also suffers the same fate as his neighbours. The poem District 6 is written after apartheid by Tatamkhulu Afrika who is a white South African poet and is a dramatic monologue. Afrika amplifies his anger at the situation of South Africa by using a black South African narrator to show that discrimination is still widely active. The narrator feels the post-apartheid period should have been different. Throughout the poem the poet voices his disappointment with the racism and discrimination. The poet’s attitude consists of anger and frustration which is reflected and emphasised at the end of the poem where the narrator want to resort to violence. District 6 is shown to now be a run-down levelled place, ‘Small round hard stones’. This quote displays to a certain extent how District 6 has not changed since the apartheid government destroyed the area. In addition, the poet uses the consonance in ‘small round hard’ to depict the hostile and unpleasant environment. Furthermore, he uses a bitter tone, ‘seeding grasses thrust bearded seeds’. This is shown by ‘thrust’ which carries an aggressive attitude making the statement resentful. This is emphasised by the continuous repetition of ‘sss’ sounds used in this stanza. The narrator continues to stress District 6’s destruction, ‘trodden on, crunch in tall, purple-flowering amiable weeds’. He repeats the same idea twice using ‘trodden on’ and ‘crunch’ for emphasis showing the unchanged situation of district 6. The poet further uses the narrator to show a sense of belonging to District 6 in the second stanza, ‘my feet†¦my hands†¦my lungs†¦my eyes.’ Throughout the stanza the narrator emphasises his recognition and ownership of District 6 as if he grew up there. His defiant tone suggests that he is demanding back what is his and continues to do this with the repetition of ‘my’. At the end of the stanza anger is shown which shows his connection with District 6. The poet goes on to emphasise his anger at the contrast between races. ‘Brash with glass, name flaring like a flag, it squats’. He uses an aggressive tone to display his fury at the existence of a structure with thrives on racism. The rhyming ‘ss’ sounds at the end of ‘brash’ and ‘glass’ help to fuel the effect of anger in the reader’s mind. Also, the narrator shows how active and unopposed racism thrives through, ‘name flaring like a flag’. This shows the freedom of racism specifically because the inn is located in District 6 due to its significance in South African history. Furthermore, a mocking tone is used for emphasis with ‘it squats’, suggesting the white are occupying the inn illegally. Tatamkhulu relates to the title in the fourth stanza, ‘No sign says it is, but we know where we belong.’ The narrator conveys a mocking tone which echoes the idea and base of the poem, coming from the title ‘Nothing’s Changed’, that the situation of District 6 has been constant due to whites still occupying it since apartheid. The stanza is used to remind the reader of the cause of the destruction of District 6 which happened due to racism and discrimination. Furthermore, the poet uses the narrator to how his exclusion and separation from the white society, ‘I press my nose to the clear panes.’ This shows the narrator’s curiosity, but also suggests the existence of an invisible barrier, ‘clear panes’, between him and the whites. In addition, the narrator anticipates and emphasises the lavish lifestyle, ‘know before, I see them, there will be crushed ice white glass, linen falls, the single rose.’ The poet creates an atmosphere of luxury and beauty in the reader’s imagination. The use of ‘single rose’ at the end of the stanza suggests an upper-class influence. The reader is made to feel anger and disposition to antagonism towards the unfairness and discrimination directed from the white society. The next stanza leans towards the inequality still overshadowing the non-white society, ‘working man cafe sells bunny shows, take it with you, eat it at a plastic table’s top.’ The blacks are shown to be a lower class which contrasts to the upper-class whites in the previous stanza, despite the end of apartheid. The narrator also uses ‘plastic top’ to show the difference and neediness between blacks and whites. The last stanza reverts to the main picture of the poem, ‘boy again†¦hands burn, for a stone, a bomb to shiver down the glass’. The use of ‘boy again’ suggests that nothing has changed since the narrator was a boy and the word ‘shiver’ reflects the frustration in the narrator’s mind. Furthermore, the use of ‘stone†¦bomb’ helps the reader to understand the possible causes of violence throughout South Africa to be like calls of anger against racism. To conclude, the poem ‘Not My Business’ was written because the Nigerian public has no motivation to rebel and fight against injustice or tyranny enforced by the government. The narrator is shown as an example of what will happen to the people if they refuse to repel the injustice laid upon others and that they will eventually succumb to the same fate if they continue to be ignorant. In the second poem, ‘Nothing’s Changed’ summarises that South Africa has not yet managed to overcome its issues of racism, injustice and inequality despite being in the post-apartheid era. The poem acts as a plea to all South Africans to come together and unite to create a civilised society with equal rights. In my opinion, both poems share the idea that the people should unite and act against injustice and oppression, though in different ways; the message is universal: Unity will bring peace and harmony amongst the people.

Free Essays on The Truth Behind Drinking And Driving

The Truth behind Drinking and Driving Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. You are going to leave and go home, but your friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they call a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becoming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalities to decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twenty-five thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injuries. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contribute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On average a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in an alcohol related accident before and has no O’Brien 2 prior convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bystanders is unexaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers’ victims are the drivers themselves. They are often passengers, and the drunken pedestrians and cyclists. Despite this, drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact, it is said that about forty percent of the population will be involved in an alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among young people, accounting for twenty percent of all deaths from ages fifteen to twenty. Drunk driving is ... Free Essays on The Truth Behind Drinking And Driving Free Essays on The Truth Behind Drinking And Driving The Truth behind Drinking and Driving Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. You are going to leave and go home, but your friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they call a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becoming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalities to decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twenty-five thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injuries. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contribute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On average a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in an alcohol related accident before and has no O’Brien 2 prior convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bystanders is unexaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers’ victims are the drivers themselves. They are often passengers, and the drunken pedestrians and cyclists. Despite this, drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact, it is said that about forty percent of the population will be involved in an alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among young people, accounting for twenty percent of all deaths from ages fifteen to twenty. Drunk driving is ...

JDBC essays

JDBC essays The term client/server came into existence during the early 1980s when networking personal computers became popular. The basic concept behind the model is that there is one machine that request a service and one machine that provides a service. The machine making the request is known as the client and the one providing the service is the server. Before the client/server model was introduced there were two main distributed system models being commonly used but both were showing their age in the modern computing The first of these was the mainframe architecture. This had a powerful central host computer that carried out all the processing. To use the system the user connected to the mainframe via a dummy terminal. However as the industry moved towards the use of Graphical User Interfaces this model started to falter as incorporating them was very difficult. The second type is the file sharing architecture. In this model the server sends the requested file to the terminal where it can be used. This means that it uses the terminals resources taking a lot of strain off the server. However it does have problems if the amount of data being transferred is high and it can also lead to problems with data consistency because two people can call the file at the same time both make different edits and then both save. The person who saves the file first will lose all there changes once the second person saves. The number of simultaneous users was also very limiting. Only 12 people could connect at one time before performance became a significant problem The client/server model differs from these models because it uses a database server instead of a file server. The old mainframes are often used as the server in this system. This allows a user to query the files without downloading the whole files thus cuts down the amount of traffic that goes across the network. The Database Management system also ensures that referential integrity is...

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules Some rules are not made to be broken- especially in the chemistry lab. The following rules exist for your safety and should always be followed. Always Follow the Instructions ​Your instructor and lab manuals are your best resources when setting up. Always listen and read carefully. Dont start a lab until you know all of the steps, from start to finish. If you have questions about any part of a procedure, get the answer before starting. Do Not Pipette by Mouth - Ever​ You say, But its only water. Even if it is, how clean do you think that glassware really is? Using disposable pipettes? Lots of people only rinse them and put them back! Learn to use the pipette bulb or automated pipetter. Dont pipette by mouth at home, either. Gasoline and kerosene should be obvious, but people get hospitalized or die every year. You might be tempted to use your mouth to start the suction on a waterbed to drain it. Do you know what they put in some waterbed additives? Carbon-14. Mmmm...radiation. The lesson is that even seemingly harmless substances may be dangerous! Read the Chemical Safety Information ​​A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available for every chemical you use in the  lab. Read  and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of every material. Dress Appropriately (For Chemistry Lab, Not Fashion or the Weather)​ No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and, to keep your legs safe, long pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety goggles and a lab coat. Even if you arent clumsy, someone else in the lab probably is. If you take even a few chemistry courses you will probably see people set themselves on fire, spill acid on themselves, others, or notes, splash themselves in the eye, etc. Dont be the bad example to others. Identify the Safety Equipment Learn your  safety equipment  and how to use it! Given that some people (possibly you) will need them, know the locations of the fire blanket, extinguishers, eyewash, and shower. Ask for equipment demonstrations! If the eyewash hasnt been used in a while, the discoloration of the water is usually sufficient to inspire the  use of safety glasses. Dont Taste or Sniff Chemicals For many chemicals, if you can smell them, you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume hood, then dont use it anywhere else. This isnt cooking classdont taste your experiments! Dont Casually Dispose of Chemicals Some chemicals can be washed down the drain, while others require a different method of disposal. If a chemical can go in the sink, be sure to wash it away rather than risk an unexpected reaction between chemical leftovers later. Dont Eat or Drink in Lab Its tempting, but oh so dangerous. Just dont do it! Dont Play Mad Scientist Dont haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants onto you if you arent careful! Take Data During Lab ​​​Always record information during a lab and not after labon the assumption that it will be neater. Put data directly in your lab book rather than transcribing from another source (i.e.:  notebook or ​lab partner). There are lots of reasons for this, but the practical one is that it is much harder for the data to get lost in your lab book. For some experiments, it may be helpful to take data before  lab. Were not telling you to dry-lab or cheat, but being able to project likely data will help you catch bad lab procedure before you are three hours or so into a project. Know what to expect. You should always read the experiment in advance.

Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War Essay - 1

Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War - Essay Example During the war in November 1863, President Lincoln gave the famous Gettysburg Address speech at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The main point in his speech was about segregation of the blacks â€Å"our country was founded on freedom and equality† (Johnson 144). By the time the war came to an end, both African Americans and the white Americans had participated to save the union and stop slavery, and both losing a great number in the war. However, there has been a question of whether there was a connection between the recruitment of African Americans to fight in the Union Army and the overall message of Lincoln’s Gettysburg address or whether the two developments were completely separate. When the war began in 1861, black units were not used in combat as extensively as they might have been due to prejudice against them. There was fear that the blacks were not as competent enough as the white soldiers and their first recruitment came in 1862 (James 118). It was found necessary to have the blacks also join the war due to the declining number of white volunteers, and the increasingly pressing personnel needs of the Union Army which pushed the Government to reconsider the ban. The African American soldiers were referred to as the United States colored troops. Concerns over the response of white soldiers and officers, as well as the effectiveness of a colored fighting force were raised (James165). Another major fear of recruiting the Blacks in the army was the fear of response of the Border States Border States withdrawing membership from the states, â€Å"The Lincoln administration wrestled with the idea of authorizing the recruitment of black troops† (Johnson 120) . Since the government had called out people to volunteer in the army, they were afraid that should the blacks be introduced in to the army, the officers who had volunteered would withdraw and this would be a setback in the war. Even after recruitment of the blacks to the army in 1863, they were discriminated against with lower payments as compared to their counterparts. Lincoln’s speech at Gettysburg rose the declaration of Independence, mentioned its principles of liberty and equality, and he talked of "a new birth of freedom" for the country (Johnson 46). In his brief address, he went ahead to reshape the aims of the war for the American people transforming it from a war for Union to that for freedom. Having advocated for freedom from slavery, winning the war meant an end to the vice thereby freedom. It is important to note that the black troops faced greater peril than white troops when captured by the Confederate Army. In 1863 the Confederate Congress threatened to punis h severely officers of black troops and to enslave black soldiers. As a result, President Lincoln issued General Order 233, threatening retaliation on Confederate prisoners of war (POWs) for any mistreatment of black troops. The South feared Lincoln’s reign which also contributed to the war when he took power. With these facts put down, we can conclude that Lincoln had sincerely advocated for equality. According to the revised official data by James, â€Å"African American soldiers comprised 10% of the entire Union Army (James 42). Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored troops, and over 36,000 died, or 20.5% (James 32). In other words, the mortality rate amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty-five percent greater than that among other troops† (James 72). These figures support Lincolns administration against

Personal portals for work and play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal portals for work and play - Essay Example Following these pages, the advancement in personal portal represented navigation sites such as Yahoo, Infoseek, AOL, Excite, MSN, Lycos, and Netscape Netcenter. These sites offered users an entry platform to web surfing because of the structured navigable interface improving surfing experience. The main personal portals that were used in this era were Google and My Yahoo that offered users access to sports, news, and web searching platforms for free. google provide mechanisms for integration to personal pages of Gmail and Google News increasing their access to information while accessing their emails. The dot com but in the early 2000s saw the disappearance of personal portals with new software and applications. The changes to the personal portal are represented in the use of software and applications in mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and computers. Currently, a lot of personalized software and applications play the role of personal portals providing user’s access to a host of internet information and capabilities that were not available in the early personal portals. Some of this software and applications that have taken the space of early personal portals and revolutionized the mobile internet access market include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linkedin, MySpace, MSN, among others. Blogging has also grown over the years and provides users a platform to publish content that is personal, professional, academic, or otherwise to a large audience and receives feedback.

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources Essay

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources - Essay Example A further discussion will include the assessment of the job opportunities concerning the hiring system. The Chinese Government focuses on the Small and medium enterprises as this constitutes to the country’s income and revenues. The enterprises range from local establishment to international exporting industries. As such, the government formulates rigid investment policies that target to safe guard the interest of the large labor force. The government of China manages to regulate the minimal wage expectation through defined employer memorandum signed before company establishment. As a follow-up to the understanding, existing government institutions monitor company performance with intent to access the payment systems. This precedes an annual review of the memorandum terms through bills and policies enacted through specific industrial sectors. The Chinese government focuses on the employee treatment rather than investment returns among different companies. As such, the employee welfare dominates a given industrial establishment (Warner, 211). China’s HRM operates on a scale of governmental enterprises and multinational firms. China also pioneered an open door structure in the year 1978, that later gave rise the operating labor laws enacted in the 1995. The historical development reformed the Chinese human resource economy through an establishment of management customs. As such, the Chinese government selects the preferred business managers. The labor agency determines responsibility allocation within the different industrial sectors. This structural performance enables the governmental institution to regulate wage allocations and individual performance standards. As such, the Chinese government is a central unit monitoring the human resource management with intent to support the Chinese progress (Warner, 189).

Waste Management (Firm Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Waste Management (Firm Analysis) - Essay Example nvironment protection and regarded as an interface between the production, distribution and consumption of goods on the one hand, and soil, groundwater, air and climate on the other. Hence, it is an essential collaborator in the perspective of sustainable development. In the current scenario, industrialized nations are busy enhancing their regulatory frameworks and waste management infrastructure. As it is, the industry deals with extensively rising environmental and legal standards, best practices and the need for greater efficiency, quality management and occupational health aspects. Apparently, with the diversity and intricacy of products and accordingly of wastes, byproducts, and residues, there is no single solution to the waste treatment demands of today. A suitable combination of technologies is necessary in order to meet and respond to the many technical, ecological and economic requirements of integrated waste management on a regional level. As long as industry and consumers produce waste, an infrastructure is needed for their proper treatment and detoxification and for the secure and continuing disposal of residues (Hunt, 1990). The idea of producer’s responsibility was realized by swinging or reallocating the financial burden for the appropriate treatment or recycling of end-of-life products to manufacturers. This move established a new line of communication between the environmental sector and the manufacturing segments of society. In this scheme, waste managers convey information concerning designs for recycling and the design for disposal upstream to producers and manufacturers, thereby advocating the cause of the environment’s capacities and environmental constraints (Deyle, 1990). Today, the waste management industry is highly conscious and responsive of the significance of social aspects. These include, among others, the siting of facilities and introduction of novel collection schemes, educating consumers, training workers and staff,

Do Mooching, Chiseling, and Favoritism undermine police effectiveness Research Paper

Do Mooching, Chiseling, and Favoritism undermine police effectiveness - Research Paper Example This prevents the police from taking action towards that person when he/she violates the law. Mooching therefore reduce the powers embedded to the police by the public to arrest any law breaker. This creates a bad image of the force as they are viewed as powerless and ineffective. In addition, the officers are unable to undertake their mandate appropriately due to hindrances of gifts they received. Instead they try to give back through ignoring the acts committed by the person (Siegel, 2009). Sometimes police officers are underpaid therefore finding it hard to reject offers offered by the public. They interact with these people in entertainment halls where they are likely to be given free or discounted admission to these areas. This binds them against efficient operations as they try to repay the favour they received in these places even if they were not in their line of duty. When these people violate the law police ignores their acts or they try to lenient when handling their cases. This aspect has reduced efficiency in service delivery by the officers (Palmiotto, 2000). Some officers are offered with new licence tabs and window stickers when purchasing a car. Mainly dealers in these materials avoid being given traffic citations by offering the officers with clean licence tabs and window stickers. These are even extended to their family, friends, wives. This makes it hard for other officers to conduct their operations as all these people seem to have legal documents although they are not genuine (Conser, Paynich, & Gingerich, 2011). When an officer is favoured he/she not only makes it hard for him to conduct his operation but he/she hinders the operations of the other people. In extreme cases accidents occur as a result of favouritism. This is because people who favoured the police officers know clearly that even if they

STL-2 knowledge based questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

STL-2 knowledge based questions - Essay Example Moreover the type of research in terms of the object of study in also very important. If the object of study is an individual child, than only a single child is observed. However if the object of study is a group of children, than samples size should consist of a number of different groups. The aim of study children in groups is to analyze the behavior of child in a group. This could include the response of child to social phenomenon or just sleeping patterns of children living in groups etc. Therefore an individual child could be observed or the group could be observed as a whole. These observations can enable a researcher or parent to analyze the different needs of the child for example food, sleep etc. From an educational perspective these observations can help establish an understanding into the interests a child is showing. Both parents and doctors can then use this information and compare it with benchmarks to understand the progress in a child’s habits. Thus they can su pport the positive aspects and stop the negative ones. There are different procedures and methods to observing a child. The observations however should not interfere with the normal settings of a child’s daily schedule. This is because the aim of every research is to analyze how the child would perform and work in a normal environment. However if the researcher is not careful in ensuring that the original environment of the child is in intact the entire purpose of the research could be at risk. This is because if the original environment is tampered with the child would lose his routine. The observation in the new routine or state of mind would not be applicable in normal environment of other children. Therefore the validity of research would be severely harmed. The results acquired would have no significance. The best method is that observer should allocate timing according to the subject of observation. This would mean that

Do Mooching, Chiseling, and Favoritism undermine police effectiveness Research Paper

Do Mooching, Chiseling, and Favoritism undermine police effectiveness - Research Paper Example This prevents the police from taking action towards that person when he/she violates the law. Mooching therefore reduce the powers embedded to the police by the public to arrest any law breaker. This creates a bad image of the force as they are viewed as powerless and ineffective. In addition, the officers are unable to undertake their mandate appropriately due to hindrances of gifts they received. Instead they try to give back through ignoring the acts committed by the person (Siegel, 2009). Sometimes police officers are underpaid therefore finding it hard to reject offers offered by the public. They interact with these people in entertainment halls where they are likely to be given free or discounted admission to these areas. This binds them against efficient operations as they try to repay the favour they received in these places even if they were not in their line of duty. When these people violate the law police ignores their acts or they try to lenient when handling their cases. This aspect has reduced efficiency in service delivery by the officers (Palmiotto, 2000). Some officers are offered with new licence tabs and window stickers when purchasing a car. Mainly dealers in these materials avoid being given traffic citations by offering the officers with clean licence tabs and window stickers. These are even extended to their family, friends, wives. This makes it hard for other officers to conduct their operations as all these people seem to have legal documents although they are not genuine (Conser, Paynich, & Gingerich, 2011). When an officer is favoured he/she not only makes it hard for him to conduct his operation but he/she hinders the operations of the other people. In extreme cases accidents occur as a result of favouritism. This is because people who favoured the police officers know clearly that even if they

Student Profile Essay Example for Free

Student Profile Essay My name is FathiyaWaithera. I am from Kenya and living in the United States to study nursing at a community college. I received a scholarship from the Nurses for Africa program which requires me to return to Africa to provide health care after graduation (Dain, 2009). The rules about arriving in the U. S. are very strict. The scholarship advisors provided a list of the documents I would need and what was expected of me on arrival. I had to remember where to report and had to make sure I had my documents with me at all times. When I arrived, I presented my passport, the I-20 form, the I-94 Arrival-Departure form, and a customs declaration form. The officer inspected all my documents and asked me to state the reason I wished to enter the country. I remembered to tell the officer that I plan to be a student andprovided the name of the college and where it is located. After the inspection the officer stamped the I-20 form and the Arrival –Departure form (F/M/J Nonimmigrants). An International Student Services (ISS) staff member from the collegepicked me up at the airport and drove me to the campus. She stayed to help me find my room in the dormitories. After she left, Iunpacked and waited to meet my room mate. She was from Denmark and I supposed we were placed together because she was also an international student. She spoke English and I spoke English but it didn’t seem like the same language to me. We tried to make the best of it, but it was almost impossible to communicate. The weekend before classes began, the dormitory staff held orientation events for the students. There was a cook out, some social activitiesand a band. I couldn’t understand the language, the food was inedible and I was too embarrassed about my English to take part in the activities. I came to the U. S. believing I was very good at English. I made good grades in this subject and was surprised to find that I couldn’t communicate in the U. S. The other students used so many slang words that it took a long time for me to gather a general meaning and then I couldn’t put together a response. By the time classes began, I was tired, scared, and hungry. The classroom was confusing to me. Some students came to class late and interrupted the professor; others were noisy and kept up their conversations after the professor arrived. The professor reviewed a syllabus and spoke at length about academic integrity. I was unable to understand much of what she said. They all spoke so fast, spoke at the same time and used terms I was unfamiliar with. After attending a full day of classes, I returned to my room. I was tired and hungry but the thought of eating something from the cafeteria made me feel sick. The food looked, smelled and tasted horrible. I would have done anything to eat something prepared by my mother. I hadn’t been able to sleep since arriving in the U. S. The dormitory was noisy and although I was used to a lot of people and a lot of noise at home, this was a different type of noise and I couldn’t shut it out. My roommate seemed like a nice person but it was so difficult to communicate that we didn’t really try. I was homesick and lonely. My classes were very hard at first. I wasn’t used to speaking up in class or asking questions. The other students were so casual and seemed disrespectful when addressing the professors. Many of the assignments required me to work in groups. I was embarrassed about my English when I had to ask someone to repeat what they said or explain what they meant. I had to explain how my name is pronounced over and over. Most of the time, the other students were kind and patient with me, but I knew I made the assignment more difficult for the group. Keeping my grades up, learning the course content, and attending class were my highest priorities. To maintain my visa status, I was required to be a full-time student each semester. That meant that I couldn’t drop a class even if I wasn’t doing well. It also meant that I had to attend class, no matter how I felt and I didn’t feel well. I had lost some weight because I couldn’t eat the food and still wasn’t sleeping well. My life was made up of studying, going to class, studying, and more class. I wrote letters to my family and indulged in an occasional phone call, but it was important that my family believe that I was successful and doing well at school to about how miserable I felt. A research paper was required in one of my classes. Because I was not familiar with this type of project, I tried to find someone to tutor me in this area. I looked in the resource package I received at the orientation but couldn’t find anything about tutoring or anythingabout the library. I asked the professor and she said to go to the LRC. I didn’t know what the LRC was and was too embarrassed to tell her. I couldn’t find the LRC and was feeling nervous about completing the project on time. I finally went to see the International Student advisor. He told me that the LRC is actually the library and showed me where to find it. When the professor returned my paper there were questions about resources and citations but my grade was still a B, so I assumed that I was doing fine. For the next paper, I followed the same process. I found something related to the topic, read about it and wrote a paper. This time, when I received my graded paper, this time a C, the professor again wrote questions and comments about resources and citations and also wrote about academic integrity. I understood that academic integrity was about being dishonest and could be about cheating but I didn’t see the connection between hercomments and my paper. When I received the third graded paper, the professor gave me a failing grade and said that I should meet with her to discuss plagiarism. I was ashamed and afraid that I would lose my scholarship. I went to see the International Student Services advisor to show him my papers and the professor’s comments. He said would he ask the professor if he could go to the meeting with me andrecommended a tutor for me so I could learn how to write a research paper. I was grateful to have the help butalso humiliated. I had been a top student and had always received praise for my work. The professor approved my advisor’s request to attend the meeting. He told my professor about my academic historyand how classes are conducted in Kenya. He told her that in Kenya the professor lectured,the students took notes and either passed or failed an exam. They did not ask questions or work in groups outside of class. He explained that I had no experience with writing research papers or independent study but I was a good student and prepared to learn to study in an U. S. classroom. The professor tried to explain what was wrong with the papers I turned in. I still didn’t truly understand and still didn’t understand why the first paper received the grade B, if the problems were so serious. My advisor introduced me to a tutor from the FACET Center. I had seen the name, FACET, in the resource documents but didn’t understand that it had some association with tutoring. Why wasn’t it called the Tutoring Center? This tutor worked with several international students and suggested that we create a study group. Our group consisted of me, two women from Malaysia and three menfrom Korea. At first, the tutoring sessions were difficult due to the language barriers and the subject matter. Later we began to feel morecomfortable with each other and we all liked the tutor. He not only helped us with our homework, but explained things about the U. S. , American Englishand the college. Each time we met, I felt more confident about asking questions. The tutor kept encouraging us to join the International Student Support Coalition. He said it was a student organization that would help us get to know other students and feel more comfortablein college and in the U. S. The tutor said that he thought it might be easier for a person speaking English as a new language to take math classes because mathematics are universal and quick mental calculations can be done in a person’s native language. He said that for international students, a class like psychology or history slows them down because they have to receive the information, transfer it to the brain, calculate the answer,transfer it back to English and then speak. It felt great to have someone from the U. S. understand what I was going through. He recommended that we enroll in math for the next semester to build confidence in our academic abilities. I thought this was a good idea because I had been good at math in secondary school so I planned to focus on math in my second semester. The International Student Services Offices sent us a monthly newsletter. The newsletter contained information about immigration, SEVIS requirements, and theInternational Student Support Coalition (ISSC) and transfer trips to area universities. Each time I saw the ISSC students, I wanted to be a part of what they were doing but didn’t know how to go about it. My ISS advisor had asked me several times if I was interested but each time I said that my studies were so demanding that I wouldn’t have time to participate. Later in my first semester, my advisor asked me if I would assist him with a presentation for ISSC about African international students. I was flattered and although I agreed to assist, I doubted my ability to offer something of value to these students who seemed so confident. I worked with my ISS advisor to develop the presentation. I told him about my home and family and he looked up information about Kenya to support my story and we both contributed pictures. When the day came to present, I was very nervous and only followed through because I didn’t want to let my advisor down. During the first ISSC meeting I attended, the group presented their goals as a college student organization. They asked for help to work for the success of all college international students in ddeveloping scholarship/funding ideas, becoming recognized for efforts and achievements college-wide, and creating a social support network. The organization president said that one of their visions is to serve not only as a resource for international students, but also as a resource to the college in general. He said that he believes an international person can open up a lot of different mindsets in thinking about issues. I was surprised to see how confident they felt about the importance of their place in this environment. Getting involved in a club for international students has been a good way to start learning about resources and creating a network of support. I met a lot of other students and my English has improved. I learned about a conversation club through ISSC and joined. People in the community host the clubs in their homes. Each person brings a dish, usually something from their home country. The group has dinner together and spendsthe meeting time conversing in English. I’m starting to make friends and although I’m still homesick, I don’t feel as lonely. My ISS advisor told me that he is expecting two women from Africa next semester. Both will be studying in the U. S. as part of the Nurses for Africa program. Although they are not from Kenya, one is from Ghana and one is from Nigeria, I will try to help them adjust to life in the U. S. by inviting them to be a part of ISSC, and providing information even if they don’t’ ask. I will tell them what the FACET Center is and that the LRC is really the library and to take a math class first! Section II – Understandings and Perspectives She may have experienced a more positive adjustment if the following supports had been in place: reassurance and support for the her personal self-esteem, time needed to adjust, information about adjustment patterns and the symptoms of culture shock, the understanding that success at home does not guarantee a successful adjustment in a new culture, and information about the U. S. (Pederson, 1991). Individual approaches, personal characteristics and skill level influence theability to successfully adjust. The ability to successfully communicate, organize, manage stress, exercise patience, tolerance, courtesy and flexibility are conduciveto adjustment. Perfectionism, inflexibility, obstinacy, ethnocentrism, dependent anxiety and self-centered behavior are traits that are related negatively to adjustment (Hannigan, 1990). One’s cultures of origin (or cultural backgrounds) mediate the importance attached to attending college and earning a college degree. Knowledge of a student’s cultures of origin and the cultures of immersion is needed to understand a student’s ability to successfully negotiate the institution’s milieu. The probability of persistence is inversely related to the cultural distance between a student’s culture(s of origin and cultures of immersion. Students who traverse a long cultural distance must be acclimated to dominant cultures of immersion or join one or more enclaves. The amount of time a student spends in one’s cultures of origin after matriculating is positively related to cultural stress and reduces the chances they will persist. The likelihood a student will persist is related to the extensity and intensity of one’s sociocultural connections to the academic program and to affinity groups. Students who belong to one or more enclaves in the cultures of immersion are more likely to persist, especially if group members value achievement and persistence. Fathiya’s commitment to her goals, the importance her family attached to her education, the importance of the vocation she would bring back to Kenyasupport proposals one and two. Her interaction with the International Student Support Coalition and the conversation club relate to proposals three, five and eight. Welcoming new international nursing students relate to proposal seven. I did not successfully complete my initial college experience and I can see how the cultural propositions relate. I did not have academic and career goals so I wasn’t invested in college. My parents did not have a strong commitment to my college education. My experience relates to proposals one and two. Lack of involvement in a degree program relates to proposals seven and eight. Section III Educatefaculty and staff about the need to learn about a student’s culture of origin. References Dain, A. Nurses for Africa. † Medill Reports (2009). http://www. medill. northwestern. edu/medill. Web. Oct. 2009. Hannigan, T. P. (1990). Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of literature. International Journal of Intercultural relations, 14, 89-111. http://online. culturegrams. com/world/world_country. php? contid=1wmn=Africacid=85cn=Kenya Seidman, A. , (Ed. ) (2005). College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, Westport, CT: Praeger Series on Higher Education.

The Corporate Zappos Culture In Business

The Corporate Zappos Culture In Business Earlier with a boom in e-commerce the idea of selling shoes online was not much appreciated. No one wanted to buy shoes online as it was difficult to find a perfect pair and there were hassles of returning shoes through mail. Looking at the huge market potential in US and popularity of online industry, Nick Swinmurn clicked with an idea to start an online shoe retail store which would make shopping more simpler and hassle free. Hence Zappos, earlier known as Shoesite.com got a first mover advantage. Tony Hsieh, an entrepreneur since young age joined this company as CEO when he was just 27 years old  [2]  . In his own venture Link Exchange he had learnt that culture and job satisfaction was more important in a company over monetary growth  [3]  . He reinforced the organisation culture and made Zappos stand where it is today. Today, Zappos is an organisation which has managed its incredible growth in a short span of time; this is mainly because of its unique organisational culture. Under the leadership of Tony, Zappos focused on delivering superior customer service over marketing and to achieve this they designed a culture which would drive this goal. Before analysing Zappos culture lets have a look at its competitive industrial positioning using Porters 6 forces. Zappos once was just another internet company until it realised that it is not only competing with online companies but also with retail stores  [4]  . Tony realised that there was need of some kind of differentiation which would help suffice the strong buyers force. This is when Zappos came up with its core values to strengthen its culture and focus on exceptional customer services. The core values were the base for all the key decisions at Zappos and they actively managed their culture based on the below mentioned core values: As per Burns and Stalkers organic model, innovative organisation like Zappos tend to develop Organic culture because the creative employees needed for innovation cannot be burdened with bureaucracy and control. According to Goffee and Jones sociability/solidarity model, Zappos organic culture can be a mixture of networked and communal cultures which has both high solidarity and sociability. In Zappos, the degree of sociability is high as the environment is friendlier where employees are given liberty to work the way they want without any pressure of achieving targets. Employees at Zappos also possess the solidarity culture as they cherish and implement the 10 core values effectively to achieve the common goal of the company  [5]  . Zappos Organisational Culture using Culture Web Zappos organisational culture is a broad term used to describe the psychology, attitudes, experience, beliefs and values of its organisation. Zappos has a strong culture where staff responds positively to stimuli because of their affinity to Zappos organisational values. Zappos organisational culture can be theoretically mapped as, the Work/Play hard culture,  [6]  Brand Congruent culture  [7]  , Constructive culture.  [8]  These terms can all be used to label Zappos culture and its key parameters are as follows. In Zappos, members are encouraged to interact with people and approach tasks in way that help them meet their higher order satisfaction needs. The staff also believes in the product or service of the organisation. They like what their company is trying to achieve and co-operate to achieve it. They are passionate and seem to have similar goals. They use resources available to them to proactively solve problems. There are also few risks taken coupled with rapid fee dback. They have team meetings, company jargon, and buzzwords. They all strive for the highest quality customer service. To identify various elements of Zappos culture, a Cultural Web  [9]  is used. Stories: The past events and customer satisfaction stories mentioned both in and out the company. Zappos places immense value on these and portrays this as examples of target behaviour. Rituals and Routines: Zappos has outlined expected behaviour in given situations and lets staff know what is valued by the management. Symbols: Zappos uses whacky visuals, funny logos, and humorous pictorials to represent its culture visually. Organisational Structure: Zappos tries to retain a highly informative and fun filled organisational structure and attempts to indicate what contributions are most valued. Control Systems: Zappos has controls to monitor the way the organisation functions. These include financial systems, quality systems and rewards. Power Structures: Zappos tries to instil a varied power structure where each staff member has some amount of influence on decisions, operations and strategic direction. Culture as belief system Tony observed if they get their culture right that would ultimately result in repeat customers and word of mouth. Values and belief systems are not only important for Zappos culture but also for its architecture as analysed in below table. It shows how some of the most important key elements fit in this cultural and architectural web of Zappos and contributes to the competitive success of the organisation. 1. This is evidenced as the employees are given complete transparency and are urged to communicate openly. Tony started an online service called Zappos Insights wherein one can find all the insight information. Moreover, all the decisions taken during lay-off were also revealed on Twitter. 2. Employees are encouraged to delight customers by going out of the way to deliver best services. They handle the calls without scripts, pay more attention to customers queries and personally interact with them through means like Twitter. Employees take risks and are not afraid of making mistakes. To achieve this element, neither are they pressurised to achieve targets nor are their call durations measured. 3. Zappos managers are encouraged to spend up to 20% of their time on team building activities. They also make sure that all the employees work without any stress. An employee can also appreciate other employees work with a reward of $50 as bonus. Apart from this, there are other rewards like employee of the day and other benefits like medical coverage, free lunch, beverages etc. This is done to inspire new ideas and creative thinking. They are also free to write stories about their experiences and Zappos culture in a culture book. 4. Its not about what you say to your customer, its all about how you made them feel. Zappos pleased its customers with easy to navigate website, wide patterns for searching, wide range of shoes and speed of delivery. Moreover they delight their customers by free both way shipping, 365 days return policy, 24/7 customer service. They surprise customers by sending cards and bouquets if they get to know about any special occasion which in turn makes the experience memorable. These are the main elements which links the mentioned components in Zappos culture and architecture. All these elements are focused on achieving one common goal i.e. companys consumer based competitive success  [10]  . Using Loyalty Business Model Further, as per Tony, the basic business model followed by Zappos is: Culture -> Customer Service -> Word-of-Mouth Marketing -> Revenue/Profits  [11]  . This model is very much similar to the Loyalty Business Model derived by Reichheld, F.  [12]   The 10 core values that defined the Zappos culture were derived by employees themselves and that has played an important role in terms of employee satisfaction and hence it is ultimately reflecting in excellent customer delivery. This culture brings up customer satisfaction and loyalty which can be seen by the rate of repeat customers. Employees are instructed to direct customers to competitors if their desired product is not currently available with Zapoos which inturn helps in building up customer loyalty. Zappos, so far have been successful in building a strong customer loyalty base which helps in its promotion through Word-of-Mouth Marketing. All this helped Zappos pursue growth in terms of high revenue and profits and achieve competitive success. Zappos HR Strategies After analysing Zappos culture, lets move to the HR strategies followed by them. Zappos work culture is filled with workers who have been selected and trained in such a way that they conform to higher involvement model  [13]  of HR systems. In an idealistic scenario the employees are motivated more about the job than about the monetary benefits of the job. These employees have a lot of freedom at the work place and this maximizes discretionary behaviour. As can be seen from Zappos remarkable success there is a strong employee-company relation and a sense of bonding which leads the employees to work independently and at the same time map the company goals into their daily work routines, on their own  [14]  . Linking HR Systems to Zappos Business Strategy Zappos HR strategies have played an important role in its remarkable success. Shown below is the Business Strategy model which will analyse the strategies used by Zappos and link between different components of HR and Non-HR strategies followed by Zappos. Under people management, Zappos seeks for the people who believe in its core values and have a passion for providing outstanding customer service. People are tested on technical skills as wells as on cultural fit i.e. creativity, individuality, etc. Successful candidates are given 4 weeks of training. Good performance is appreciated by rewards ,employees are also given counselling if they are under stress. People management process at Zappos provides employee with perfect AMO scenario. Ability to the employees is provided by the imparting rigorous training which also includes on training over phones. Motivation is provided by rewards, events and other benefits. Zappos emphasises on giving equal Opportunities to the employees by giving them the liberty to work the way they want. The call duration is not measured and they do not work on scripts. Critical HR goals for Zappos comprises of confirming that excellent customer service is delivered, employees are satisfied, core values are followed, customer relations maintained etc. On Non-HR side we come across the relevant management processes followed at Zappos. The main mode of marketing for Zappos is Word-to-Mouth which is the result of customer loyalty. Zappos operations includes: 365 days return policy, free shipping both ways, 24/7 customer service, warehouses running for 24 hours, etc. Customers are pleased with Zappos website because it is very simple, user friendly and it takes less than a second to load a page. Moreover it also offers 1095 brands of shoes, various searching patterns and 7 views from different angles. Main Critical Non-HR goals consists of ensuring all the resources are utilised effectively, all the policies are in place and followed throughout, customers are satisfied, rate of repeat customers is always rising etc. The above mentioned HR and Non-HR processes and goals leads to the main Business Goals which includes: achieving high sales and hence profitability, increase in customer loyalty and the number of repeat customers, and attain and maintain a number one position in the industry. Now, after analysing Zappos business strategies we can say that it has high competitive advantage as well as viability in this underlined industry. Control and Performance Measurement System for Zappos As seen in culture as belief system, architecture is also important to track the progress towards the objectives. Control systems are used to make sure that strategies and architecture are having desired effect and also they are efficient  [15]  . External Controls For Zappos, societal controls are mainly placed by the consumers. Zappos takes into consideration, the expectations of their customer i.e. excellent customer service. Zappos help reduce customer efforts and hence increase loyalty. Looking at the market controls, though Zappos is surrounded by competitors it has been successful in holding its customers and achieving growth till now. Internal Controls Internal controls were developed keeping an eye on the customer expectations and other external controls. Zappos culture was developed to meet the objectives and design the way in which organisation should perform. Zappos main aim is to deliver WOW through service and hence culture is designed such that employees are free to work the way they want in order to come up with creative and innovative ideas. Zappos also have its reward system in place where employees are awarded on good performance and they also get other benefits like medical coverage, free snacks, beverages etc. Employees are also trained to tackle particular situations and how to produce excellent service. The organisation is also governed by output controls that also check the adherence of the service provided towards the goal of the organisation (Line of sight congruence). This balance scorecard which is derived from the strategy map shown above is used as a control system for Performance Measurement System. As shown in the table financial perspective is dependent on ROCE, number of customers. Customer perspective is governed by C-SAT%, repeat customer%, average purchases by repeat customers, etc. Operational perspective is dependent on minimum both cycle time and lost business%, and effective use of all company resources. Labour perspective is driven by productivity of human resources and is measured by matrix such as staff turnover, attrition%, etc. Innovation and Learning comes from the Culture book utilisation, suggestions implemented, income from new brands, other innovative programmes, etc. Thus we have looked into Zappos unique work culture and its customer service focus which has made it an astounding success.

The Character of Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- Tale T

The Character of Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities    Literature takes a single sentence and turns it into a powerful story with sorrow, humor, and mystery. Combined with literary elements, the reader experiences the power of extreme emotions and is taken past the boundaries of reality. In reading, a reader takes on the role of a character through characterization. They experience problems they would not usually encounter and the complications people endure to overcome obstacles. Charles Dickens proves how strong a golden thread is and the lengths by which a man will go to restore it through the light bringing character of Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities.    Lucie Manette is a breathless mermaid attracting men with her magnetic traits. Following Lucie's rescue of her father, after being in prison for 18 years, she settles down with him in a quiet home in Soho. But the silence does not last long and the house becomes full with the footsteps of hundreds of suitors looking for the heart of an angel. In a conversation between Miss Pross and Jar...

Reflective Writing - My Development as a Writer Essay -- Bilingual Eng

A Nomad Writer America is a place full of immigrants with no single ethnicity or race. America can also be referred to as the ?Melting Pot? because it consists ingredients of multicultural backgrounds. There are cultures such as French American, Asian American, Italian American and African American. I am Mexican American. My culture has helped me to become the writer I am today. My bicultural background and constant moving back and forth from Mexico to America has both influenced and weakened my writing. Although I was born in America, my Mexican culture has always been a part of my life. I have spent the majority of my life in Mexico, and Spanish is my first language. After I turned one, my family moved to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Raised there, I developed a routine of speaking Spanish throughout the day with my mother, and speaking English in the evening with my father when he arrived home from work. Speaking two languages at home was completely normal to me and easy for me to adjust. However, th e school I attended as a young kid was much more difficult. The small kindergarten and elementary school I went to over packed their classrooms with twenty more kids than the set limit. The teachers did not have a lot of physical materials to teach with; they only had two pieces of chalk, a board and stamps. Ciudad Juarez is a highly populated and dangerous city in terms of first-degree crimes such as rape and murder. They have a poor education system offered in both public and private schools, which weakened my first experiences with learning. As a child, I felt unsafe learning in such a poor environment and wanted to leave school and go home early everyday. Af... ... but sometimes I still struggle just as many other foreign speakers do. Regardless of the culture, literature allows for people to express themselves. Because of my bicultural background, I am a person who understands literature as a form of communication for every culture. My experience with two different languages allowed me to become the writer I am today with strong ideas. My writings at the University of Arizona, related to the importance of my culture and how it affects my life. I have become a successful student due to the fact to that great importance I see. My classmates in the required class for my Hispanic Alumni Scholarship have also become successful writers and students. One of the students in my class, Jordan Garcia, has had three of her essays published for the newspaper. Culture makes one a successful person, and motivates one to write.

Effectiveness of Airasia’s Performance Measurement System Essay

We could see that this system used by AirAsia is successful as they have been doing really well and improving since year 2001 from first airline in the world to introduce mobile booking, to be a public listed company on the Malaysia Stocks Exchange (Bursa Malaysia), after having on 22 November 2004. In line with its growth and expansion plans, AirAsia has secured a 175 aircraft commitment with Airbus for its A320s. The 175 aircraft order will place AirAsia as the single largest customer for the aircraft in Asia-Pacific, and potentially one of the largest airline fleets in the region. On 23 of March 2006, AirAsia successfully moved its operations to the new Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). This is a major milestone as it is the first dedicated terminal for low cost carrier operations in the world. Besides that, they have achieved many more heights even in the past 2 year. AirAsia are focus on its performance measurement system and made sure that whatever they do are in line with the system and try as hard to meet its benchmark. For example, to ensure the safety of guest and employees, the â€Å"List of Checks for Airbus A320† is created. These safety procedures include strict aircraft maintenance, constant updating and training of technicians and flight crew. Once any problems occur during this checklist, immediate action will be taken, making sure it is safe and no problems will occur. Because if the safety are threaten, it will influence the investors, potential customers and rest of the stakeholders to loose confidence in AirAsia, making it hard for AirAsia to achieve their vision. With all this achievements, awards and significant milestones in just 6 years, it is obvious to see that the performance measurement system that AirAsia is using is effective and efficient. This system set a very good benchmark to all the key elements in helping AirAsia achieve its vision and goals. By following the system, AirAsia gives priority on areas like cost efficiency, branding, product development, growth, human capital, safety of guest and employee. The performance measurement system applied manage identify prominent areas that will affect its business and lead it towards its goal and vision.

Ethical Pursuations Essay

Each of the three different theoretical approaches proposed for public relation ethics has admirers and detractors as well. All the three theories require practical ways of incorporating them into public relation campaign, using the suggested pyramids (Barney & Black 1994:233-244). Virtue ethics involves fostering a strong internal moral compass to guide anyone in choosing the right action. It requires one to first develop ethical judgment by stimulating the moral imagination in order to recognize ethical issues. This can only be achieved in a campaign through ethics brainstorming sessions or ethical reflection time, and this is where individuals considered ethical implications and report back to the team or through discussion with an independent ethics consultant, who could then highlight potential ethical issues in the upcoming campaign and stimulate debate on appropriate approaches. This approach allows other virtue tests that accord with their values and enables them to set relevant virtue objectives to be revisited and tested at the end of the campaign. Virtue ethics becomes a formative step in public relations process, rather than a reactive process once a problem arise. However, it is flexible, by the fact that in the middle segment pyramid, each of the facts used can be assessed in the campaign using a virtue approach tactics. Virtue ethics clearly has benefits for practitioners who are seeking ethical guidance but many times it is be inadequate alone. For example tests using external virtue referents like a ‘significant other’, are ‘at odds with the idea of developing virtues by purchasing the internal goals of a practice’ (Baker & Martinson 2001: 148-275) Deontology involves following a prescribed set of duties or obligations for example, religious rules such as ‘Thou shall not lie’, and one of its common deontological positions in public relations is advocacy, and this is the belief that provides practitioners specific behaviors that are ethical against an agreed standard like a professional ethics code at the same time, they can easily promote clients self-interests above all other interests when compared to virtue ethics and consequatialisim; in addition deontological approaches are also useful in the campaigns communication phase and this enables them to assess ethics of messages and communication outputs when compared to virtue ethics, as well as consequantialism. Their approaches are useful because they clarify the limits of reasonable behavior by providing absolute prohibitions, and directives for specific acts, however at times, although occasional their inflexibility can be problematic (Baker 1997: pp. 197-210). Lastly but not least, consequantialism uses the approach of judging actions by their customers. One of the well-known techniques of consequentialism is ulitarianism; where an assessment is made of who has been affected, and determines in what ways, and consequently the right action that is supposed to be taken which creates maximum total benefit. Their main method of determining the outcome involves drawing a flow chart or a mind map which is cumbersome. Their only closest related test is the benefit or harm assessment, in which calculation is made about whether the benefits to stakeholders outweigh the harm (Baker 2002: 191-205). The approach is clearly a very crucial component of public relations, but on its own at many times it obscures the means used to obtain a desired outcome, for instance, a pure consequantialist can endorse a lie if it ultimately resulted in more happiness or a more wide-spread benefit than truth-telling (Barney & Black 1994:244-248). Conclusion The two approaches; virtues ethics and consequentialism to public relations have benefits but they have serious limitations. One can only manage these limitations by using deontological approaches, because it has a high persuasive power with respect to public relation practitioners.